One of the best defenses we have against viral infections is the vaccine. Vaccines prepare the body’s immune system to fight an incoming infection; they’ve been credited with the widespread eradication of smallpox and the near-eradication of polio.
But for all the conditions vaccines have succeeded in eradicating, there are still many diseases for which no vaccine exists.
Researchers are finding ways to use the immune-system-triggering effects of vaccines to tackle unexpected diseases, such as cancer and drug addiction.
To get approved, vaccines need to show that they’re both safe and effective at preventing diseases or — if they’re used therapeutically — at activating the immune system to go after existing diseases. That process can take years or even decades.
Here are nine vaccines currently in development that could dramatically change how humans live.
But in a surprising turn of events, researchers looking at data on a meningitis outbreak and subsequent vaccination effort in New Zealand found that the vaccine protected against gonorrhea as well. As it turns out, the bacteria that cause meningitis and gonorrhea are very closely related — like “cousins.”
The vaccine used to target that specific meningitis outbreak was administered from 2004 to 2006, and is no longer in use. It remains to be seen whether someone will develop it as a vaccine for gonorrhea alone.
Cancer
There are already some vaccines that prevent certain types of cancer. The vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), for example, can prevent six different kinds of cancer. Another vaccine for hepatitis B prevents liver cancer as well.
There’s also a push to use vaccines once a person has been diagnosed with cancer. One such treatment was approved for prostate cancer in 2010. The treatment reprograms the body’s immune system to go after a particular protein that helps the immune cells attack the cancer cells.
Other vaccines on the horizon could take a more personalized approach, pinpointing cancer mutations and amplifying the body’s immune system to fight off certain types of cancer cells.
Malaria
Malaria is a parasitic infection spread by mosquitoes that can lead to chills, fever, and nausea, along with other severe complications including organ failure. The disease is responsible for more than half of mosquito-related deaths, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa.
There is no widely available vaccine for malaria, though three countries are set to take part in a pilot program for a malaria vaccine starting in 2018, the World Health Organization said in a news release.
The number of deaths caused by the disease are already dropping, however, due to prevention efforts like insecticides that are sprayed and used in netting. Between 2000 and 2015, malaria deaths fell 62%, translating to 6.8 million lives saved, according to the WHO.
Ebola
An early Ebola vaccine has been shown to give solid protection against the disease. In a large trial of almost 6,000 people, Merck showed its vaccine was 100% effective. It’s meant to be a temporary fix to stop emerging outbreaks from getting to the level of the epidemic that occurred between 2014 and 2016, which means it’s not in use just yet. Should another outbreak arise, public health organizations could determine whether they want to use it.
HIV
The HIV vaccine has been elusive over the past few decades, despite tons of research and money spent on the problem.
In July 2017, Johnson and Johnson announced that an early-stage trial of a HIV-1 vaccine in healthy people caused an immune response and was “well tolerated.” Hanneke Schuitemaker, the company’s vice president and head of viral vaccine discovery, said it took 12 to 13 years to get to this stage, with some setbacks in the field. Along the way, the vaccine development process has benefitted from knowledge gained during vaccine trials for the Ebola virus.
It will still be a while before the vaccine could become available — next it will have to prove that it’s effective at actually preventing HIV.
Norovirus
Norovirus, the bug responsible for a few of the food-poisoning incidents at Chipotle, can cause stomach aches, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. The highly-contagious virus affects about 21 million people in the US per year. While there are ways to prevent norovirus, there’s no vaccine for it yet.
However, a company called Vaxart is developing a tablet vaccine that could prevent the virus. In February 2017, Vaxart announced that the drug had been a success in an early trial in humans, proving to be both safe and capable of spurring an immune response. Next, the vaccine will have to prove that it’s effective before it can be approved.
“Universal” flu vaccine
Most vaccines only need to be administered once or a few times in a person’s life. But the flu mutates so frequently that there are constant updates to the vaccine based on what the World Health Organization recommends. That’s why many people get flu shots every winter.
But researchers at vaccine-maker Sanofi are getting closer to a universal vaccine that might provide broader protection against the flu. That way, instead of a shot once every year, the vaccine could broadly protect against the virus even as it evolves over the course of a few years.
Heroin addiction
There are two vaccines in the works to treat opioid addictions, neither of which have made it to human trials yet.
“A vaccine would work by destroying heroin that’s injected into the body before it gets a chance to get to the brain and give a patients a high,” Opiant CEO Roger Crystal — whose company is developing one of the possible vaccines — previously told Business Insider.
That could ideally help people who are addicted to heroin recover. It remains to be seen how often the vaccines would need to be given.
Zika
Almost immediately after the world realized Zika was spiraling into a global epidemic in early 2016, scientists began looking into a possible vaccine. Shortly after, researchers began human trials to test out the vaccine.
In March 2017, that effort culminated in the start of a phase 2 trial, which will evaluate whether the vaccine is effective in 2,490 people in the US and Central and South America. It’s expected to wrap up in 2019.
